Fabrication of testicular decellularized scaffolds using a hybrid SDS–supercritical CO₂ method: process optimization, extracellular matrix preservation, and biocompatibility evaluation

Despite the fact that the supercritical carbon dioxide protocol alone was unable to produce a decellularized scaffold with the desired standard characteristics, its combined use with 1% SDS not only reduced the decellularization time compared to other methods but also effectively preserved the extracellular matrix structures.