Kinetic analysis demonstrates increased bio-oil yield with temperature and time in Tetra Pak waste, suggesting effective waste valorization strategies.
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Tetra Pak waste was investigated at 320–440 °C for 10–50 min to produce bio-crude oil. Bio-oil yield increased with temperature and time, reaching about 43 wt% at 40–50 min, while solid residue decreased and stabilized. Boiling point analysis indicated diesel- and kerosene-range fractions as dominant components. FT-IR results showed enhanced aromatic and carbonyl groups with reaction time, suggesting secondary condensation. A modified first-order kinetic model described the conversion of carbohydrates and polyethylene, with activation energies of 25.8–49.0 and 54.9–78.3 kJ mol−1, respectively. The intermediate aqueous/gaseous pathway exhibited a lower activation energy (30.1 kJ mol−1), highlighting its vital role in oil formation. This study advances understanding of Tetra Pak liquefaction and provides guidance for efficient composite waste valorization.
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Lu et al. (2025) studied this question.
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