Evaluation of the Reliability of Calibration Constants in Heat Flux Meters Using an ISO 5660-1 Cone Heater

This study evaluates the reliability of calibration constants for heat flux meters (HFMs) using a secondary standard under controlled thermal conditions provided by an ISO 5660-1 cone heater. Six HFMs (three new and three previously used) were examined by comparing manufacturer-provided (MFG) and secondary-standard-based (SEC) calibration constants. The bias between the MFG and SEC calibration constants varied substantially depending on the manufacturer, calibration method, service history, and the coating condition of the sensing surface. When the Bland–Altman limits of agreement were defined with the new HFMs as the reference, an HFM from a different manufacturer or calibrated by a different method was found to fall outside these limits. Although the absolute accuracy of the secondary-standard HFM has not been independently validated, the approach using the cone heater is practical for field implementation in terms of equipment accessibility, cost, and operational simplicity. Recalibration against the same secondary-standard prior to use is recommended to ensure repeatability and reproducibility across experiments and institutions.