Extent and Role of Cratonic Lithosphere in the Variscan Orogeny

Thick and relatively cold cratonic lithosphere of Laurussia and Gondwana shaped the Variscan orogen as those continents collided diachronously to form Pangaea. Herein, we summarize and integrate geological and geophysical results that show how cratonic lithosphere of those composite continents created the Variscan geologic foundation of Europe and northwestern Africa. Our analysis focuses on the lithospheric architecture of Baltica, Avalonia, and Gondwana-derived terranes to distinguish preserved cratonic domains from reworked zones. Zircon provenance analysis further constrains terrane origins and accretion history. The European Variscan belt is distinguished by the large proportion of Gondwana-derived terranes compared with its orogenic core. Its tectonic system reflects inherited rift architecture and the influence of rigid lithospheric promontories, setting it apart from other collisional belts.