Observational analysis shows variability in mask seal integrity with facial hair, indicating safety concerns in aviation emergencies.
Safety-critical close-fitting masks require a skin-tight seal. Mask seal integrity with facial hair is highly variable between individuals, between masks, and from one wear to the next. Quick-don close-fitting oxygen masks, required in aviation emergencies, will not function reliably unless the user is clean-shaven where the mask seal contacts the skin. Connolly D, Sheppard-Hickey R, Powell D, Lupa H. Sealing properties of close-fitting masks worn over facial hair. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(12):1069-1078.
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