GLP-1 and GIP analogues in the treatment of obesity – Current State of Knowledge

Aim A review of the latest data on the efficacy and safety of GLP-1 analogues and dual GLP-1/GIP agonists in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes, including their impact on the cardiovascular system and global availability status. Methods Analysis of scientific literature (PubMed 2015-2025), including phase III randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses, and international guidelines. Results GLP-1 agonists and dual GLP-1/GIP agonists (tirzepatide) reduce body weight by 6–22.5%, improve glycemic control (HbA1c –1–2.5%), and in some cases demonstrate cardioprotective effects – reducing MACE (up to –26% for semaglutide). The SURMOUNT-5 study (2025) confirmed the superiority of tirzepatide over semaglutide. Main limitations include cost, the need for chronic use, and gastrointestinal side effects. Conclusions Incretin-based drugs represent a breakthrough in the treatment of obesity, but their full implementation requires consideration of accessibility, reimbursement, and long-term safety.