Application of Raman spectroscopy in dentistry: current state of knowledge, future developments and clinical potential

Raman spectroscopy (RS) is an advanced optical technique that enables rapid, non-invasive, and highly specific chemical analysis of tissues and materials at the molecular level. In dentistry, RS shows significant clinical promise across various fields, including diagnostics, treatment monitoring, biomaterial assessment, and oral oncology. The technique allows for early detection of caries, real-time evaluation of biofilm, and monitoring of tissue regeneration processes after surgical interventions. Additionally, RS plays a crucial role in orthodontics, prosthodontics, and periodontology by offering insights into changes in mineral content, collagen structure, and interactions at the material–tissue interface. Despite challenges such as signal weakness, fluorescence interference, and cost, advances in RS technologies—including signal amplification methods and portable devices—are expanding its accessibility and clinical utility. Integration with artificial intelligence and multimodal imaging techniques further enhances the diagnostic potential of RS. This review outlines the current state of knowledge on RS in dentistry, discusses technological developments, and highlights its future clinical applications.