Confidence in Consciousness Science

In her book Introspection, Maja Spener urges us to split the study of introspection in two: as a mental capacity and as a scientific method. In this article, I focus on the latter and argue that metacognition in general, and confidence ratings in particular, offer a more promising methodological bridge between subjective experience and objective measurement in consciousness science than Spener allows. While Spener provides a nuanced taxonomy of introspective modes and emphasizes the importance of calibration, she remains sceptical that confidence ratings, unlike introspection as a method, reveal the conscious character of perceptual states. I contend that this scepticism is unwarranted. Confidence ratings possess objective anchors, are easy to operationalize, and correlate tightly with both subjective visibility judgments – a hallmark of introspection – and known neural markers of awareness. Empirical and theoretical considerations show that confidence and consciousness are deeply intertwined, making confidence ratings a tractable and mechanistically informed tool for consciousness and introspection research.