Comparative Analysis of Solar Energy Policies and Deployment in ASEAN Countries

The ASEAN region, characterized by rapid economic growth and increasing energy demand, has emerged as a critical area for renewable energy development, particularly solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. This study provides a comparative analysis of solar energy policies and deployment across selected ASEAN countries, examining regulatory frameworks, incentive mechanisms, and market development. Using a qualitative-quantitative approach, the research evaluates policy effectiveness by analyzing solar PV capacity growth, targets within national renewable energy plans, and alignment with regional sustainability commitments, including ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) and the Paris Agreement. The findings reveal significant disparities in policy ambition and implementation. Countries such as Vietnam and Thailand demonstrate rapid deployment through strong feed- in tariff schemes and investment incentives, while others, including Indonesia and the Philippines, face challenges due to regulatory complexity and financial barriers. Singapore's innovation-driven policies highlight the role of technology and grid management in addressing land scarcity. The study concludes that harmonizing policies and fostering cross-border collaboration can accelerate ASEAN's solar energy transition. Recommendations are provided for enhancing policy design, investment frameworks, and regional cooperation to achieve a sustainable and inclusive low-carbon future.