Drivers of collective action in agricultural water conservation: Applying the social identity model to Iranian farmers in a wetlands basin

Wetlands are vital ecosystems underpinning biodiversity, climate regulation, and rural livelihoods, yet they face escalating degradation from drought and anthropogenic pressures, particularly in developing regions. The internationally significant Bakhtegan Wetland in southern Iran exemplifies this crisis. While farmer participation is recognized as critical for sustainable wetland management, the psychosocial drivers of their engagement in collective action remain poorly understood. Addressing this gap, this study applies the Social Identity Model of Collective Action (SIMCA) to investigate the determinants of farmers’ intentions to engage in collective conservation. Data were collected via structured questionnaires from a stratified random sample of 200 farmers in the adjacent Fars Province. Analysis using structural equation modeling (SEM) demonstrated that collective efficacy, negative emotions, and climate-related behaviors are direct predictors of participation intention. Furthermore, social identity functions as a key mediator of these relationships. A key finding is the primacy of climate-related behavior and social identity as direct drivers, whereas the influence of collective efficacy was primarily indirect, acting through the reinforcement of a shared group identity. These findings advance the theoretical integration of social psychology and environmental management by validating the application of SIMCA in a natural resource conservation context. Practically, they suggest that effective policies for community-led wetland restoration should prioritize identity-based interventions, programmes designed to build collective efficacy, and targeted environmental education. This study underscores the necessity of integrating social dynamics into transformative governance strategies for threatened socio-ecological systems.