Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L/IN718 graded materials prepared by high-throughput SLM

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) can alleviate compositional mismatch and property discontinuities in multi-material components, yet the post-processing window that optimizes microstructure–property balance remains unclear. We fabricate 316L/IN718 FGMs by high-throughput selective laser melting (SLM) with zone-wise parameter tuning, and systematically assess how representative heat-treatment routes affect phase evolution and tensile response. EBSD/SEM-EDS/TEM/XRD reveal that as-deposited FGMs contained mixed columnar/equiaxed grains. Post-treatment diffusion eliminated melt-pool traces, fragmented chain-like Laves into grain-boundary particles and precipitated abundant γ″ plus minor γ′ within grains. Solution treatment at 980 °C introduced acicular/rod-like δ-Ni3Nb at grain boundaries, impairing ductility. After heat treatment, tensile strength increased, yield strength decreased, and elongation peaked at 25.1%. These findings delineate the competing roles of γ″ strengthening, δ-Ni3Nb formation, and microstructural relaxation, providing practical guidance for tailoring post-processing to optimize graded Ni-steel alloys.