Analysis of Protein Degradation Patterns as Biomarker to Estimate Time Since Death: Insights and Innovations

Determining the postmortem interval (PMI) is vital in forensic investigations but remains challenging due to the limitations of traditional methods. Proteomics offers a promising alternative by analyzing time-dependent protein degradation patterns. The systematic review explores recent advances in protein-based PMI estimation using animal and human tissues. The objective is to evaluate current research trends, highlight key biomarkers, and assess the potential of proteomic approaches for improving PMI accuracy and reliability. A total of 40 studies were identified across PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect for publications from 2018 to 2024 using PRISMA guidelines, focusing on postmortem protein degradation for PMI estimation. Skeletal muscle was the most studied tissue, followed by bone, heart, and gingival tissues. Analytical techniques such as LC-MS and MALDI were widely employed, allowing detection and quantification of time-dependent proteomic changes. Despite promising results, variability in experimental conditions, tissue types, and lack of standardized protocols remain critical challenges. Proteomics offers a highly sensitive and specific approach for PMI estimation, enabling detailed molecular insight. While current evidence supports its forensic applicability, widespread adoption requires methodological standardization and integration of multimarker strategies. With refinement, proteomic profiling has the potential to transform PMI estimation into a robust, objective component of routine forensic investigations.