Towards a Geological Digital Twin: Integrating Multi-Dimensional Geological Models for Comprehensive Earth System Representation

Understanding and managing Earth's complex geological systems are crucial for sustainable development and disaster mitigation. This paper details the National Geological Data Center's (NGDC) foundational efforts in China towards a comprehensive Geological Digital Twin. Guided by principles of integrated planning, standardization, and technology-driven services, NGDC has built a robust data infrastructure and developed extensive multi-dimensional geological models. We highlight innovative practices in establishing a standardized "receive, manage, utilize" data management system, integrating vast multi-source, multi-scale geological data into cohesive database clusters, and deploying open service platforms, including an internationally recognized geological data publishing system. Key achievements include the construction of China's most extensive 1:50,000 regional geological map database, covering half of the landmass, a comprehensive mineral deposit database, and a widely utilized online geological map service. These integrated multi-dimensional models serve as a digital replica of the subsurface, enhancing understanding, analysis, and decision-making for Earth system representation. We discuss the significant contributions made, the challenges encountered, and future directions for AI-empowered modeling and real-time data assimilation in achieving a truly dynamic and comprehensive Geological Digital Twin.