Pore-Scale Study on CO ₂ Miscible Displacement of Shale Oil Considering Competitive Adsorption

Shale reservoirs are characterized by ultralow permeability and nanoscale confinement and exhibit significant challenges for efficient oil recovery and carbon storage. CO₂-displaced enhanced oil recovery offers multiple benefits for CO₂ sequestration and enhanced oil recovery due to its strong miscibility and adsorption affinity. However, the coupled mechanisms of diffusion and competitive adsorption remain inadequately understood under realistic pore-structure conditions. In this study, a pore-scale lattice Boltzmann model incorporating competitive adsorption, miscible diffusion, inlet/outlet boundary conditions, and microfractures is developed and validated against molecular simulations and diffusion theory. Then, the effects of injected pore volume, CO₂ adsorption capacity, Péclet number, and microfracture structures on CO₂ displacement behaviors are investigated. Results reveal two primary oil recovery mechanisms: surface adsorption-diffusion and bulk displacement-diffusion, whose dominance depends on flow and adsorption conditions. Strong adsorption capacity enhances recovery in enclosed pores via surface adsorption-diffusion but slows overall breakthrough. Low Péclet numbers yield uniform fronts, while high values result in preferential channelized flow and residual oil. Microfractures accelerate early-stage recovery via preferential channelized flow but reduce long-term efficiency due to cross-flow within the preferential channel. This study provides new mechanistic insights for optimizing CO₂ injection strategies in shale reservoirs to simultaneously enhance oil recovery and CO₂ storage.