Plant-Based Milk Alternatives: Nutrition, Safety, and the Global Case for Fortification Policy

Plant-based milk alternatives (PBMAs) such as soy, almond and oat are an increasingly popular alternative to cow’s milk across the world, due to more people following vegan diets, being more aware of allergies and a drive towards sustainability. However, policies guiding their fortification vary between territories. Cow’s milk provides crucial micronutrients such as calcium, vitamin B12 and iodine which may not be substituted by PBMAs. This case study explores the nutritional value and safety considerations of PBMAs, highlighting the SACN/COT 2025 review’s findings that identified nutritional gaps particularly in oat and almond milk. Safety concerns over contaminants and sugar content are discussed, and evidence of risk analysed. The study looks at other drivers towards food fortification as models for future practice. It concludes by highlighting the need for evidence-based, harmonised international standards to ensure PBMAs support healthy diets and meet consumer needs.