Experience of intimate-partner controlling behaviours among women in Ghana: a novel three step latent class analysis approach with survey-weighted fractional-logit regression

Partner controlling behaviors in Ghana are heterogeneous and disproportionately affect young, less-educated women and those with alcohol-consuming partners. Interventions should include early recognition of controlling acts, empowerment through education, and community dialogue to challenge patriarchal norms. Addressing these patterns may prevent escalation to physical and sexual IPV and reduce the substantial public health burden of coercive control.