Cross-linguistic L1–L2 dis/similarity effect on mental imagery in incremental motion event processing

Despite abundant studies on motion events and mental simulation in first languages (L1s), research on how cross-linguistic dis/similarity – whether an L1 shares constructions with a second language (L2) – affects mental simulation during incremental L2 processing remains limited. This study used a novel self-paced reading task with video verification to investigate L1 influence on mental imagery of the dual (directional/locational) interpretation of locative prepositions. Participants included native English speakers and advanced L2 English learners whose L1s were either similar (Dutch) or dissimilar (Japanese) to English. Results revealed an L1 dis/similarity effect on the reaction times for the directional interpretation, but not for the locational interpretation, which was readily accessible across all L1 groups. Factors such as L2 proficiency and onset age of L2 acquisition were found to be constrained by L1, suggesting that L1–L2 constructional correspondence limits the influence of learner factors. These findings support the simulation-based model of L2 sentence processing.