Non-small cell lung carcinoma with co-expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 and p40: a case report and literature review

NSCLC with co-expression of Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 and p40 is a rare and diagnostically challenging subtype, most frequently observed in older male patients with a history of smoking and predominantly arising in peripheral lung regions. The morphological, immunophenotypic and molecular features of these tumors suggest that they may originate from stem-like basal cells with dual-lineage differentiation. Literature review identified high-frequency alterations in TP53, FGFR1, CDKN2A, EGFR, KRAS, MYC, NF1 and AKT1. Next-generation sequencing-based genomic profiling facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of such cases.