Single cell RNA sequencing: modern approaches and achievements

Relevance. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a modern approach to studying the diversity and heterogeneity of RNA transcripts in individual cells, as well as to identifying the composition of different cell types and functions in organisms, organs, and tissues. Based on NGS (next-generation sequencing), scRNA-seq provides a vast amount of information at high cellular resolution in various fields, enabling new discoveries in understanding the composition and interaction patterns of individual cell types in humans, animal models, and plants. Despite its rapid development, optimization, and automation worldwide over the past 15 years, scRNA-seq remains relatively new and has only recently been used in Russia. The challenge of mastering and successfully implementing this method is urgent and critical - it is a powerful tool for in-depth analysis and diagnostics, as demonstrated by the results of studies in which it has been used. The aim of the review was to examine the basic principles and steps of scRNA-seq implementation, both in terms of technical implementation and sample preparation as an extension of the classic NGS method, as well as in terms of the complexity and expansion of data processing, and the use of new algorithms and databases. We examined commercially available scRNA-seq technologies and technologies described in scientific literature that have served as prototypes and alternatives. We also examined examples and results of the use of such technologies in various fields of science and medicine, such as oncology, senescence, diagnostics, and clinical trials. Conclusion. Development and successful application of the scRNA-seq method in scientific and clinical practice will become the key to a wide range of future discoveries and successful accurate personalized diagnostics and healthcare.