A series of new compiled anthologiesencyclopediasthat emerged in the late Qing Dynasty reflected the syncretism of Chinese and Western optical knowledge among late Qing intellectuals. By systematically sorting out the distribution of geometric optics knowledge in late Qing encyclopedias, this paper discusses the compilers' absorption of Western optical knowledge and their expression of the connotation of traditional knowledge, thereby analyzing late Qing intellectuals' reception and cognition of Western learning.
Liu et al. (Thu,) studied this question.