What question did this study set out to answer?

To evaluate a novel Extended Reality training scenario to facilitate kinesthetic learning for upper-limb amputees.

December 19, 2025Open Access

A Sensor-Driven Extended Reality System for Pre-Prosthetic Kinesthetic Learning in Upper-Limb Amputees

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Prototype training enhances control of virtual prosthetic hands in upper-limb amputees, indicating improved adoption and reduced cognitive load.

To evaluate a novel Extended Reality training scenario to facilitate kinesthetic learning for upper-limb amputees.
Developed a sensor-driven XR training prototype
Used a PPG sensor to measure residual limb muscle activity
Mapped muscle signals to control a virtual prosthetic hand
Provided real-time biofeedback in a controlled XR environment
Allowed practice with various virtual objects.
Demonstrated potential for improved control of virtual prosthetic hands
Enhanced user engagement and satisfaction during training
Reduced cognitive load associated with muscle control learning
Indicated a pathway for higher adoption rates of upper-limb prostheses.

León et al. (2025) studied this question.

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Prototype training enhances control of virtual prosthetic hands in upper-limb amputees, indicating improved adoption and reduced cognitive load.