Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition of Three Choline Chloride-based NADES Extracts from Pluchea indica Leaves: Ex vivo and in silico Approach

Pluchea indica (L.) Less leaves contain chlorogenic acid, which has antioxidant activity. This study aims to evaluate the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation of P. indica leaf extract obtained from three natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) based on choline chloride (ChCl). Chlorogenic acid content in the extracts was determined by RP-HPLC. Evaluation of lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity (LPOI) was carried out using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) method on rat liver homogenates ex vivo. In silico studies was carried out against three enzymes, namely cyclooxygenase-2, lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450. The ChCl-Urea (1:2) extract of P. indica leaves contains the highest levels of chlorogenic acid (0.404%, w/w). The extract at 12.5% ​​(v/v) gave the best LPOI value of 22.5%. Chlorogenic acid as an antioxidant in inhibiting lipid peroxidation could be influenced by interaction with cyclooxygenase-2 and cytochrome P450 inhibition in silico with binding energy values ​​of -7.27 and -6.47 Kcal/mol, respectively. Thus, chlorogenic acid, one of the active compounds from P. indica leaves, is responsible for inhibiting lipid peroxidation. However, in the future, it is necessary to investigate other phenolic chemical components from the NADES extract of P. indica leaves that play a role in this activity.