What question did this study set out to answer?

To develop a highly sensitive procedure for trace germanium determination using carbon nanomaterials.

January 6, 2026Materials0 citationsOpen Access

The Exploitation of Carbon Nanomaterials as Electrode Material to Increase the Sensitivity of Germanium Ion Determinations by Stripping Adsorption Voltammetry

MGMałgorzata GrabarczykMaria Curie-Skłodowska University WCWieslawa Cwikla-BundyraMaria Curie-Skłodowska University OSOliwia SiewierskaMaria Curie-Skłodowska University

Key Points

To develop a highly sensitive procedure for trace germanium determination using carbon nanomaterials.
Applied carbon nanotubes/spherical glassy carbon electrode for Ge(IV) detection.
Performed complexation with chloranilic acid before the voltammetric analysis.
Evaluated various experimental and instrumental variables affecting the germanium signal.
Peak current proportional to Ge(IV) concentration from 0.9 to 30 nmol L−1 (R = 0.998).
Detection limit estimated at about 0.3 nmol L−1.
Successfully applied method for determining germanium in drinking and river water samples.

Abstract

A highly sensitive and fast procedure for the determination of trace germanium is presented. The carbon nanotubes/spherical glassy carbon electrode (CNTs/SGCE) has been applied for adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of trace concentrations of Ge(IV) in solution, preceded by complexation with chloranilic acid. Carbon nanomaterials were used for the first time in the voltammetric determination of Ge(IV). The experimental variables such as supporting electrolyte concentration, chloranilic acid concentration, modification of the CNTs/SGCE by forming a bismuth film, and the potential and time for Ge(IV)-chloranilic acid adsorption, as well as instrumental variables on the germanium signal response, were tested. Under optimized conditions, the peak current was found to be proportional to the concentration of Ge(IV) over the range of 0.9 to 30 nmol L−1 with R = 0.998. The detection limit, estimated from three times the standard deviation at low Ge(IV) concentration, was about 0.3 nmol L−1. Possible interferences were evaluated. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of the total amount of germanium in drinking and river water samples.

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