Human exposure to Emerging Contaminants (ECs) remains a pressing concern, predominantly occurring through diverse vectors such as contaminated soil, water, plants, animals, and microorganisms. This paper investigates the intriguing evolution of water treatment, tracing the transition from ancient rudimentary practices to contemporary sophisticated technologies. Traditional methods, deeply entrenched in centuries of use, encompass biological, physical, and chemical approaches. The article underscores the significance of water treatment in protecting public health and preserving the environment, emphasizing its pivotal role in collective well-being. Water quality standards (WQS) assume a central role in regulating water quality, furnishing a legal framework, and safeguarding human health and ecosystems. Emerging technologies, including Advanced Oxidation Processes, graphene-based filtration, and AI integration, display potential in overcoming limitations associated with traditional methods. Conservation of ecosystems emerges as vital for water quality protection, accentuating the interdependence of ecosystems and water quality. Addressing the drawbacks of traditional methods highlights the necessity for evolving strategies, with ongoing research directed toward optimizing existing methods and exploring emerging technologies to fulfill the demand for clean and safe water.
Adesina et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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