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Investigate the realization of elliptic low-pass filters using CMOS technology and NLS optimization.

January 6, 2026Fractal and Fractional0 citationsOpen Access

Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Circuit Realization of Elliptic Low-Pass Filter of Order (1 + α)

SNSoubhagyaseetha NettarManipal Academy of Higher Education SKShankaranarayana KilingarManipal Academy of Higher Education CKChandrika B. KilluruManipal Academy of Higher Education

Key Points

Investigate the realization of elliptic low-pass filters using CMOS technology and NLS optimization.
Designed CMOS circuit using inverse follow-the-leader feedback topology.
Synthesized transfer functions with nonlinear least squares optimization.
Evaluated filter performance in UMC 180 nm technology with varying elliptic filter orders.
Achieved dynamic ranges of 49.7 dB, 52.08 dB, and 54.02 dB for filter orders of 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 respectively.
Validated simulation results of magnitude, phase, transient, and group delay using MATLAB.
Demonstrated accuracy and robustness through Monte Carlo and PVT analyses.

Abstract

In this paper, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuit realization of a low-pass elliptic filter of order (1 + α) is realized using the inverse follow-the-leader feedback (IFLF) topology. The transfer functions to approximate the passband and stopband ripple characteristics of the second-order elliptic low-pass filter are synthesized using the nonlinear least squares (NLS) optimization routine. The elliptic filters of orders 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 are designed using a cross-coupled operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) in the United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC) 180 nm CMOS process. The dynamic range of the filter was found to be 49.7 dB, 52.08 dB, and 54.02 dB for an order of 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8, respectively. The circuit simulation results such as magnitude, phase, transient, and group delay plots, are validated with the MATLAB simulation plots. Monte Carlo and PVT analyses have demonstrated the accuracy and robustness of the design. The proposed approach supports quality education and industry, innovation, and infrastructure.

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