Utilization of Green Analytical Chemistry Concepts in Analytical Methodologies for the Triazolopyrimidine Medicament Ticagrelor—A Review

Efficient and sustainable analytical methods for the determination of ticagrelor are crucial for ensuring pharmaceutical quality while minimizing environmental impact. Various techniques, including UV spectroscopy, HPLC, RP-HPLC, UPLC, and LC-MS, have been assessed based on their efficiency, practicality, and greenness in the use of tools together with GAPI, AGREE, and BAGI. UV spectroscopy ia a cost-effective and on-hand approach with minimal solvent consumption, although it lacks the specificity of chromatographic techniques. HPLC remains a well-known method, presenting excessive sensitivity and reproducibility; however, its reliance on natural solvents increases environmental issues. Although RP-HPLC presents superior separation capabilities it contributes significantly to solvent waste. UPLC enhances the analysis speed and backbone, making it best choice for excessive-throughput environments; however its price restricts good-sized adoption.LC-MS, recognized for its notable specificity and sensitivity, is vital for pharmacokinetic and bioanalytical research, however, its complicated instrumentation and operational fees prevents its habitual use. Greenness examinations of the use of GAPI and AGREE equipment highlight UV spectroscopy as the most environmentally pleasant technique because of its lower strength and solvent requirements, whereas LC-MS and HPLC rank lower because of their better waste manufacturing.