Formal model reveals structural properties of infinity in compact systems, indicating new insights into cosmology.
This paper presents a unified geometric framework in which infinite behavior emerges from finite, compact structures, integrating mathematical formalism with physical interpretation. Let γ : S1 → Rn denote a smooth closed curve. Repeated traversal of γ generates an infinite sequence of states {γ(t+k)}k∈Z despite the compactness of the domain, motivating the definition of traversal infinity. For mixed-frequency embeddings of the form γ(t) = r(t) cos(ω1t), r(t) sin(ω1t), cos(ω2t), sin(ω2t) , with r(t) periodic and ω1/ω2 /∈ Q, the resulting quasi-periodic structure produces oscillatory infinity, characterized by non-repeating internal states on a compact manifold. Extending this geometric approach to physics, the paper introduces a four-dimensional temporal loop Γ : S1 → R4, interpreted as a closed underlying temporal geometry. Observers experience time through a projection τ (t) = π(Γ(t)), yielding an apparently linear and unbounded temporal sequence from a compact generator. This projectionbased mechanism offers a new interpretation of temporal flow, recurrence, and the emergence of the arrow of time, distinct from closed timelike curves or cyclic cosmologies. The framework thus identifies three forms of emergent infinity—traversal, oscillatory, and structural—arising from compact geometric systems and their projections. By combining explicit mathematical constructions with physical implications for time and dimensionality, the proposed model provides a novel foundation for understanding infinity as a structural property of compact systems, with potential applications in dynamical systems, cosmology, and the conceptual foundations of time.
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Brian Cooper (2025) studied this question.
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