Abstract A kinetic theory‐based Monte Carlo algorithm for simulating particle dynamics within a gas–solid flow is presented. The technique, called the energy direct simulation Monte Carlo (EDSMC) method, has a formulation that is unique in the field of fluidization modeling. EDSMC has previously been applied to simple granular flows, but has never been used to model fluidization. Several additions to the algorithm designed to improve behavior under fluidization conditions are described. The method is then validated by simulating the homogeneous cooling state, where the relaxation rate of the granular temperature is found to be consistent with theory. EDSMC is also used to simulate particles in the turbulent and fast‐fluidization regimes. Compared with DEM simulations under the same conditions, EDSMC is found to exhibit similar bed dynamics and bubble properties while running between 4 and 20 times faster.
Black et al. (2026) studied this question.