Solid Acid‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,4,5‐Trisubstituted‐1 H ‐Imidazoles Over Tetravalent Ti‐Based Acid Salts

Tri‐imidazole derivatives, widely recognized for their broad pharmacological and therapeutic activities such as antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antifibrotic, antifungal, anti‐inflammatory, antitubercular, and antiviral effect, used for efficiently synthesized using tetravalent metal acid (TMA) salts, which serve as heterogenous solid acid catalysts with stronger acidic sites, enhanced thermal stability, and improved selectivity in organic transformations. In this study, tri‐imidazole and its derivatives were synthesized under solvent‐free conditions using titanium phosphate (TiP), titanium‐amino trismethylene phosphonic acid (Ti‐ATMP), and titanium‐hydroxy ethylidene di‐phosphonic acid (Ti‐HEDP) as heterogenous solid acid catalysts. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized by PXRD, FT‐IR, SEM‐EDX, XPS, N 2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, NH 3 ‐TPD, and TGA analyses. A comparative investigation was conducted on the synthesis efficiency and recyclability of the catalysts, with progress monitored by TLC. Furthermore, a novel tri‐imidazole derivative was successfully synthesized and confirmed by melting point, NMR ( 1 H, 13 C and 19 F) spectral analysis.