What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to create and confirm the reliability of an instrument measuring religious moderation among Islamic higher education students.

January 17, 2026Open Access

Development and Validation of an Instrument to Measure Religious Moderation among Islamic Higher Education Students Using Factor Analysis

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This research develops a tool to measure religious moderation in students, indicating its reliability and validity.

The aim is to create and confirm the reliability of an instrument measuring religious moderation among Islamic higher education students.
Conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using survey data from 420 students.
Utilized a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 for item responses.
Analyzed the feasibility of the sample using KMO and MSA inter-item correlation values.
Identified 24 valid items out of 37 in the instrument based on factor analysis.
EFA demonstrated a KMO value and inter-item correlation above 0.50.
CFA showed valid loading factors above 0.30 for the retained items.

Firdaos et al. (2026) studied this question.

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