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The aim is to assess student engagement in 4R practices and evaluate their effect on greenhouse gas emissions related to waste.

January 18, 2026Open Access

Potential reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from campus waste: An integrated 4R framework (reduce, reuse, recycle, replace)

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The aim is to assess student engagement in 4R practices and evaluate their effect on greenhouse gas emissions related to waste.
Surveyed 315 first-year engineering students on 4R behavior
Conducted field observations of waste generation and types
Employed Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for emission estimation
Gathered emission factors from the Ministry of Environment and IPCC
68% to 70% of students engaged in 4R practices
Average waste generation was 50 g per student per day
Total campus waste generation estimated at 15.75 kg per day
Plastic waste was responsible for the highest emissions at 7.88 kg CO₂-eq/day
Baseline emissions estimated at 16.01 kg CO₂-eq/day

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Evaluates GHG emission reductions from 4R practices in higher education institutions, suggesting a pathway towards sustainability.

Irawan et al. (2026) studied this question.

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