Loop Diuretic Efficiency

1,047 patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure across two cohorts: the Penn retrospective cohort (n=657, BNP >100 pg/mL, received IV loop diuretics) and the ESCAPE trial cohort (n=390, EF ≤30%, SBP ≤125 mmHg, prior HF hospitalization, on >160 mg furosemide equivalents daily).

Low diuretic efficiency (DE), defined as net fluid output produced per 40 mg of furosemide equivalents below the median value (Penn median: 480 mL; ESCAPE median: 148 mL).

High diuretic efficiency (DE above the median value).

All-cause mortality (ascertained at median 5.1 years for Penn cohort and 180 days for ESCAPE cohort).hard clinical