Disposable Paper-Based Electrochemical Biosensor Employing g-C₃N₄/Carbon Dots and Toll-like Receptor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Gram-Negative Bacteria

Key Points

• The aim is to develop a cost-effective biosensor for the rapid detection of gram-negative bacteria in water.
• Developed a disposable paper-based biosensor using g-C₃N₄ and carbon dots.
• Incorporated toll-like receptors for enhanced sensitivity.
• Evaluated the performance using water samples to detect bacterial contamination.
• Achieved ultrasensitive detection of gram-negative bacteria at low concentrations.
• Reduced processing time compared to traditional methods.
• Demonstrated potential for on-site and rapid testing.