What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to assess the suitability of groundwater in the Maze Zenti catchment for drinking and irrigation purposes.

January 23, 2026Geosciences3 citationsOpen Access

Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes Using Entropy-Weighted WQI, Pollution Index, and Multivariate Statistical Analysis in the Maze Zenti Catchment, Southern Ethiopia

YOYonas OydaArba Minch University SHSamuel Dagalo HatiyeArba Minch University MJMuralitharan JothimaniArba Minch University

Key Points

The aim is to assess the suitability of groundwater in the Maze Zenti catchment for drinking and irrigation purposes.
Analyzed 30 groundwater samples using GIS-based IDW interpolation and hydrochemical characterization.
Utilized drinking water quality index, pollution index, and entropy-weighted analysis.
Employed multivariate statistical techniques and various geochemical diagrams for data interpretation.
Conducted ANOVA to explore variances across different seasons.
Groundwater quality classified as excellent (52.8% wet season) and good (45.8% wet season).
Strong correlations between Na+-TDS (r = 0.77) and Na+-Ca2+ (r = 0.68) indicating key factors affecting quality.
Seasonal improvements in proper quality range, with excellent areas increasing from 13.1% to 31.4%.
Hydrochemical facies predominantly Ca-Mg-HCO3 suggestive of rock-water interactions.

Abstract

Population growth and agricultural expansion are threatening groundwater resources in the Maze Zenti catchment, Southern Ethiopia. This study evaluated groundwater suitability for drinking and irrigation by analyzing 30 samples using an integrated approach. This approach included GIS-based IDW interpolation, hydrochemical characterization, drinking water quality index, entropy weight, pollution index of groundwater, multivariate statistics, Piper, Gibbs, and Wilcox diagrams, ANOVA, and irrigation indices based on WHO standards. The correlation matrix revealed strong associations between Na+-TDS (r = 0.77) and Na+-Ca2+ (r = 0.68), indicating mineral dissolution, ion exchange, and agricultural inputs as key factors. Weak correlations were found for NO3− and F−, reflecting localized anthropogenic and geogenic influences. Component analysis identified four components explaining 78.2% (wet season) and 81.2% (dry season) of the variance, highlighting mineralization and anthropogenic inputs. Hydrochemical facies were mainly Ca-Mg-HCO3 with some localized Na-HCO3, suggesting that rock–water interactions are the primary source of geochemical control. Drinking water quality assessment showed that, during the wet season, 52.8% of the catchment had excellent water quality, 45.8% was good, and 1.4% was poor–very poor. In the dry season, 51.6% was excellent, 47.4% was good, 0.8% was poor, and 0.2% was very poor. The results of the entropy-weighted analysis indicated seasonal improvement, with excellent areas increasing from 13.1% to 31.4% and poor zones decreasing from 7.5% to 3.4%. Irrigation indices (Na%, PI, MAR, SAR) and Wilcox analysis (86.4% C2S1) suggested low sodicity and salinity hazards. This study provides the first integrated seasonal mapping of drinking and irrigation water quality, entropy-weighted water quality, and pollution index for the Maze Zenti catchment, establishing a hydrogeochemical baseline. Overall, groundwater in the area is generally suitable for drinking and irrigation. However, localized monitoring and sustainable land-use practices are recommended to mitigate contamination risks.

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