Analysis derives second-order asymptotic divergence in unbundled shuffling, indicating linear scaling effects.
We derive a sharp second-order asymptotic expansion for the Jensen–Shannon divergence in the unbundled multi-message shuffle model. The proof is fully analytic and provides complete control of the remainder term. The results show an exponential separation between bundled and unbundled shuffling: bundling amplifies divergence exponentially in the number of messages per user, while unbundled shuffling preserves linear scaling.
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Alex B. Shvets (2026) studied this question.
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