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This research examines the use of Physalis peruviana calyx as a biosorbent to remove crystal violet dye from water.

January 25, 2026Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery0 citationsOpen Access

Bioremoval of crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions using Physalis Peruviana calyx: mechanism, biosorption isotherms, kinetic modeling, and thermodynamic analysis

ZKZehra Seba KeskinSivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi ZŞZeynep Mine ŞenolSivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi

Key Points

This research examines the use of Physalis peruviana calyx as a biosorbent to remove crystal violet dye from water.
Characterization using FTIR, SEM, EDX, and zero point of charge analyses.
Evaluation of Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models.
Kinetic modeling undertaken with pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models.
Thermodynamic analysis conducted to assess spontaneity and heat absorption.
The Langmuir isotherm model provided the best fit with a correlation coefficient of 0.930.
Monolayer biosorption capacity reached 144 mg/g at 25 °C and pH 4.8.
Kinetic modeling aligned with the pseudo-second order model (R² = 0.943) and intraparticle diffusion model (R² = 0.990).
Thermodynamic results indicate a spontaneous (ΔG° < 0) and endothermic (ΔH° > 0) biosorption process.

Abstract

Abstract The objective of this study is to examine the potential of the calyx of Physalis peruviana (PPC) as a biosorbent for the removal of the highly toxic Crystal violet dye (CV) from aqueous solutions. In order to characterise the biosorbent, a series of analyses were conducted, including FTIR, SEM, EDX, and zero point of charge analyses. The compatibility of the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models was evaluated in order to assess the biosorption isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm model, which exhibited the highest correlation coefficient (R² = 0.930), was identified as the most accurate description of the biosorption process. At 25 °C and a natural pH (4.8), the monolayer biosorption capacity was determined to be 144 mg g − 1 . The biosorption kinetic mechanism was found to align with both the PSO. (R² = 0,943), and the IPD model (R² = 0,990). The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the biosorption process is heat-absorbing (ΔH°>0) and spontaneous (ΔG°0). It was thus determined that biological waste PPC can be evaluated as a cost efficient, renewable and effective biosorbent in CV removal and as an alternative to other sorbents that have been previously reported.

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