DDVP, a widely used organophosphate insecticide, exerts toxicity primarily through acetylcholinesterase inhibition and redox imbalance, culminating in multi-organ injury. This systematic review compiles findings from rodent studies to outline the toxicodynamic profile of DDVP, emphasizing oxidative disturbances, antioxidant depletion, biochemical alterations, tissue pathology, behavioral outcomes, and protective interventions. Oxidative stress emerges as a central mechanism, evidenced by increases in ROS (up to 433 % in brain cortex), MDA (200 % in hepatic mitochondria), PCO (105 % in brain cortex), and 8-OHdG (doubled in brain). Mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition (43-62 %), endoplasmic reticulum stress, and microglial reactivity further contribute to damage. Antioxidant defenses are markedly compromised: SOD (61 % decline in kidney), CAT (50 % reduction in brain), GPx (64 % loss), and GSH (18-70 % depletion across organs). Biochemical indices highlight AChE suppression (up to 40 %), altered liver enzymes (AST/ALT; 93/64 IU/mL), impaired renal markers (creatinine 34 %, urea 118 %), and neurotransmitter depletion. Histological and molecular findings include hepatic necrosis, neuronal chromatolysis, mitochondrial swelling, glial activation, apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and genotoxic alterations. Functional deficits manifest as reduced locomotion (≈50 %) and learning impairments resembling Parkinsonian features. Several antioxidants, including CoQ10, MitoQ, curcumin, and quercetin, demonstrate protective efficacy by lowering ROS (45-62 %), restoring antioxidant capacity (70-90 %), and modulating apoptotic and inflammatory cascades. Collectively, this review underscores the genotoxic and neurotoxic liabilities of DDVP, highlights the therapeutic potential of antioxidant-based countermeasures, and points to critical gaps in translational relevance for agricultural health risk assessment.
Liang et al. (Thu,) studied this question.