Hydroxyapatite–cellulose composites: properties, fabrication methods, and applications

Hydroxyapatite-cellulose (HAp-cellulose) composites blend the bioactivity of HAp with the flexibility and biodegradability of cellulose, offering promise in biomedical and industrial fields. In healthcare, they aid bone regeneration, drug delivery, and tissue engineering due to their biocompatibility and porosity. Industrially, they excel in water purification and eco-friendly catalysis. With advancements in 3D printing and electrospinning, these composites enable custom implants and multifunctional scaffolds. Despite challenges in optimizing properties and scalability, future research targets hybrid materials, better fabrication, and regulatory compliance. Their role in smart therapies and environmental cleanup supports global sustainability and circular economy goals. This review summarizes key developments.