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January 27, 2026Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing0 citationsOpen Access

Italian EBP Implementation Scales: A Psychometric Validation Study

MBMattia Bozzetti ACAlessio Lo Cascio DND Napolitano

Key Points

The study aims to validate the Italian versions of the EBP Implementation Scale and its short-form variant.
Adopted a cross-sectional survey design
Translated and adapted measurement scales according to international guidelines
Gathered data from 405 nurses using convenience and snowball sampling
Conducted psychometric assessment including confirmatory and Bayesian factor analyses
Both versions measure a single construct confirmed by factor analyses
Instruments showed high reliability with ω = 0.96 for the long version and 0.87 for the short version
Partial scalar invariance model revealed acceptable fit, indicating consistent interpretation across educational groups
Latent profile analysis identified distinct subgroups of EBP implementers with significant differences in latent means

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background Evidence‐based practice (EBP) is widely endorsed as a cornerstone for high‐quality, patient‐centered care. However, its integration into daily clinical routines remains inconsistent, particularly in settings where cultural, educational, and organizational challenges persist. Reliable, contextually adapted tools are essential to measure EBP implementation and guide improvement efforts. Aims This study aimed to validate the Italian versions of the EBP Implementation Scale and its short‐form (3‐item) version. Methods A cross‐sectional survey design was adopted. Both versions of the EBP Implementation Scale were translated and culturally adapted in accordance with internationally recognized guidelines. Data were gathered from a national sample of 405 nurses through a combination of convenience and snowball sampling. Psychometric assessment encompassed confirmatory and Bayesian factor analyses, evaluation of internal consistency and test–retest reliability, and measurement invariance testing. All analyses were performed in R Studio. Results Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed that both versions (long and short) of the scale measure a single underlying construct. The instruments demonstrated high reliability ( ω = 0.96 and 0.87 respectively). Measurement invariance across educational groups was partially established, as the partial scalar invariance model demonstrated acceptable fit (CFI = 0.991, RMSEA = 0.045), suggesting consistent interpretation of the scale across different levels of EBP training. Latent profile analysis revealed distinct subgroups of EBP implementers, with notable differences in latent means ( p < 0.001) associated with previous education in evidence‐based practice. Discussion The Italian EBP Implementation Scales are valid and reliable tools for assessing EBP implementation behaviors. They can support education planning, monitor practice changes over time, and inform interventions aimed at enhancing evidence‐based care.

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