What question did this study set out to answer?

This study aims to better understand the SST variability modes in the South Atlantic and their impact on South America from 1991 to 2020.

Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the South Atlantic Ocean and Its Connection to the South American 1991–2020 Climate

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Analysis assesses SST variability modes in South America, indicating their climatic implications from 1991 to 2020.

This study aims to better understand the SST variability modes in the South Atlantic and their impact on South America from 1991 to 2020.
Assess Sea Surface Temperature (SST) variability modes: South Atlantic Dipole (SAD) and Southwestern South Atlantic (SWSA).
Conduct Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis on monthly SST anomalies using Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST) data.
Construct composites of precipitation anomalies for different phases of each SST pattern.
SAD is the dominant mode of SST variability, primarily affecting tropical latitudes and modulating the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
Positive SAD phases shift the ITCZ southward, while negative phases shift it northward.
SWSA exhibits a subtropical–extratropical structure with SST anomalies along Brazil's coast, impacting the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ).
During positive SWSA phases, southeastern South America experiences wetter conditions; negative phases lead to drier conditions.

Nogueira et al. (2026) studied this question.

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