Key result
XX genotype linked to ~12 additional days to return-to-play vs RR players after muscle injuries.
Why the study?
It was unknown whether the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was associated with injury rate and recovery time from non-contact muscle injuries in youth academy and professional soccer players.
Does the ACTN3 XX genotype increase injury incidence and return-to-play time from non-contact muscle injuries in male soccer players?
Cohort (n=76)
No
Does the ACTN3 XX genotype increase injury incidence and return-to-play time from non-contact muscle injuries in male soccer players?
Relative Risk: 1.66 (95% CI 0.85–3.23)
Absolute Event Rate: 8.54% vs 5.15%
p-value: p=0.140
The ACTN3 XX genotype is associated with significantly longer return-to-play times following non-contact muscle injuries in youth soccer players compared to the RR genotype.
May warrant monitoring XX U17 players for delayed recovery; leaves open whether ACTN3 genotyping aids prevention.
Objective The purpose of this study was to examine whether the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was associated with injury rate and recovery time from non-contact muscle injuries in youth academy players and professional soccer players. Methods The ACTN3 rs1815739 genotype was identified in 76 male soccer players (22 professional, 27 U19 and 27 U17) from a top-level French soccer club. Over three consecutive competitive seasons (2020/21 to 2022/23), the players were prospectively monitored. The club’s medical staff systematically recorded all injuries sustained during soccer exposure. Injury incidence was calculated based on total soccer exposure, and return-to-play time (RTT) for each injury was determined by the medical staff. A total of 312 injuries were documented, including 144 non-contact muscle injuries. Injury incidence rates (IRs) and rate ratios (RRs) were compared across player genotypes, both overall and within each category, using Poisson or negative binomial regression models with exposure time as an offset. RTT was analyzed by genotype using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Results Overall genotype distribution was RR, 52.6%; RX, 30.3%; and XX, 17.1%. Across all players, XX carriers had the highest injury incidence (8.54 [6.54–10.39]/1000 h) followed by RX players (6.65 [5.39–7.91]/1000 h) and RR players (5.15 [4.35–5.95]/1000 h), although these differences did not reach statistical significance. The RRs for XX compared with RR players was 1.66 (95% CI: 0.85–3.23, p = 0.140), indicating a non-significant tendency toward higher incidence in XX players. However, RTT differed significantly among genotypes ( p = 0.007), with median [IQR] values of 13 [10, 16] days for RR, 16 [14, 22] days for RX, and 18 [13, 19] days for XX. Subgroup analyses showed that RTT differences were significant in U17 players ( p = 0.004), with XX requiring longer recovery (23 days) compared to RR players (11 days). However, these genotype-related differences in RTT were not significant among professional soccer players. Conclusion The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was associated with recovery characteristics following non-contact muscle injuries in soccer players. Specifically, players with the XX genotype required significantly longer return-to-play times, a pattern evident in youth academy players but not in the professional group.
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Barthélemy et al. (2026) conducted a cohort in Non-contact muscle injuries (n=76). ACTN3 XX genotype vs. ACTN3 RR genotype was evaluated on Incidence of non-contact muscle injuries (per 1000 hours of exposure) (RR 1.66, 95% CI 0.85-3.23, p=0.140). Male soccer players with the ACTN3 XX genotype required significantly longer return-to-play times following non-contact muscle injuries compared to those with the RR genotype (median 18 vs 13 days, p=0.007), while the trend toward higher injury incidence was not statistically significant.
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