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Explains electromagnetism's structure using local phase comparison, suggesting new insights into its nature.
This paper explains electromagnetism as a structural consequence of localphase comparison. When quantum states carry phase information andcomparison is performed locally, a gauge field becomes unavoidable. Chargeappears as a phase defect, photons as propagating phase disturbances, andMaxwell’s equations as consistency conditions. No new physics is proposed;the focus is on explaining why electromagnetism has the form it does.
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Flip Boer (2026) studied this question.
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