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This research aims to explore the motivations and societal perceptions surrounding female smoking in urban China.

February 2, 2026BMJ OpenOpen Access

Understanding female smoking in urban China: motivations, stigma and shifting social norms—a qualitative focus group study

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Qualitative focus groups reveal evolving perceptions of female smoking in urban China, suggesting a need for tailored health education.

This research aims to explore the motivations and societal perceptions surrounding female smoking in urban China.
Conducted 28 semi-structured focus groups across three major cities.
Included female smokers, former smokers, never-smokers, and male participants.
Verified smoking status using a carbon monoxide monitor.
Transcribed discussions and analyzed them thematically with dual coding.
Stigma against female smoking persists, yet social acceptance is increasing, particularly among younger women.
Smoking initiation often occurs during adolescence, early career, or post-retirement, influenced by peers and life changes.
Many female smokers hide their smoking habits, highlighting gaps between changing social norms and traditional values.
Common misconceptions about smoking health risks exist, with a reliance on willpower for quitting and limited cessation support interest.

Xie et al. (2026) studied this question.

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