ABSTRACT This study develops and validates an integrated soil–land–climate (SLC) framework to predict farm household income in South Sindh and South Punjab, Pakistan. Using a Multinomial Endogenous Switching Regression (MESR) model, we assess how soil fertility, water scarcity, and climate stress impact agricultural productivity and income. Results show that a one‐unit increase in soil fertility index raises farm income by 1.39 units ( p 8 km from markets yield 3:1 benefit–cost ratios. This study provides evidence for climate adaptation policies in Pakistan by recommending targeted subsidies for drip irrigation, soil amendments, and strengthening of FBOs.
Li et al. (Thu,) studied this question.