Social Structure, Human Behaviour, and Human Rights in the Age of Global Transformation: A Sociological Analysis of Inequality, Vulnerability, and Justice Ganesh Shrirang Nale (Satarkar) Author Affiliation Department of Sociology Central University of Haryana Mahendergarh – 123031, Haryana, India

Title Social Structure, Human Behaviour, and Human Rights in the Age of Global Transformation:A Sociological Analysis of Inequality, Vulnerability, and Justice Author Ganesh Shrirang Nale (Satarkar) Author Affiliation Department of SociologyCentral University of HaryanaMahendergarh – 123031, Haryana, India Corresponding Author Details (as given in the article) Email: ganeshnale0@gmail.com Mobile: +91 7066766607 Description (Title + Author + Affiliation + Abstract integrated as a single descriptive overview of the full article) Social Structure, Human Behaviour, and Human Rights in the Age of Global Transformation: A Sociological Analysis of Inequality, Vulnerability, and Justice, authored by Ganesh Shrirang Nale (Satarkar) from the Department of Sociology, Central University of Haryana, offers a comprehensive sociological examination of the interrelationship between social structure, human behaviour, and human rights in contemporary societies undergoing rapid global transformation. The article situates human behaviour within the broader framework of social institutions, cultural norms, power relations, and structural inequalities that shape everyday life and life chances. The study critically analyses the role of socialization in the formation of human values, rights, and duties, highlighting how family, education, media, and state institutions can either promote democratic ideals and human dignity or reproduce discrimination, violence, and exclusion. It examines the transformative impact of science, technology, modernization, and globalization on social relations, emphasizing both their emancipatory potential and their role in generating alienation, dehumanization, and new forms of inequality. Special attention is given to social stratification based on caste, race, class, gender, and ethnicity, revealing persistent patterns of prejudice, marginalization, and systemic injustice. The article provides an in-depth analysis of human rights violations faced by vulnerable and marginalized groups, including women, children, ethnic minorities, migrants, refugees, persons with disabilities, indigenous communities, displaced populations, and the elderly. Issues such as gender discrimination, domestic violence, child labour, bonded labour, urban slums, rural and urban poverty, unemployment, sex work, communal conflicts, religious fundamentalism, terrorism, human trafficking, and international crimes are examined as structural outcomes of unequal development and social neglect. Using a sociological and human rights–based approach, the article argues that genuine social harmony and human dignity can only be achieved through inclusive development, rights-based governance, ethical socialization, and strong legal and institutional frameworks. The study concludes by emphasizing the urgent need for structural reforms, effective law enforcement, and value-based education to protect vulnerable populations and promote a humane, just, and democratic society. Keywords Social Structure, Human Behaviour, Socialization, Human Rights, Social Stratification, Gender Discrimination, Child Labour, Poverty, Modernization, Globalization, Dehumanization, Marginalized Communities, Social Conflict, Human Trafficking, Social Justice. References (APA Style – as provided in the article) Almond, G. A., & Verba, S. (1963). The civic culture. Princeton University Press. Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid modernity. Polity Press. Beck, U. (1992). Risk society. Sage. Beteille, A. (2002). Caste, class and power. Oxford University Press. Bottomore, T. (1993). Sociology. Blackwell. Brysk, A. (2000). From tribal village to global village. Stanford University Press. Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society. Wiley-Blackwell. Cohen, S. (2001). States of denial. Polity Press. Desai, A. R. (2005). Rural sociology in India. Popular Prakashan. Durkheim, E. (1893). The division of labour in society. Free Press. Giddens, A. (2009). Sociology. Polity Press. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice. Harvard University Press. Human Rights Watch. (2023). World report. HRW. International Labour Organization. (2022). Global estimates of modern slavery. ILO. Kabeer, N. (2003). Gender mainstreaming in poverty eradication. Commonwealth Secretariat. Kumar, V. (2018). Caste and democracy in India. Oxford University Press. Marx, K. (1867). Capital, Vol. I. Penguin. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society. University of Chicago Press. Merton, R. K. (1968). Social theory and social structure. Free Press. Nussbaum, M. (2006). Frontiers of justice. Harvard University Press. Oommen, T. K. (2004). Nation, civil society and social movements. Sage. Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. Free Press. Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press. Smelser, N. J. (2013). Sociology. Sage. Standing, G. (2011). The precariat. Bloomsbury. UNICEF. (2022). State of the world’s children. UNICEF. UNDP. (2023). Human development report. UNDP. Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization. Free Press. World Bank. (2022). World development report. World Bank. Publication Details Journal: Journal of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN: 1006-7930 Volume: XVIII Issue: 1 Year: 2026 Article Type: Research Article Discipline: Sociology / Human Rights / Social Theory Language: English