Convergence and Paths of Economic Growth

We develop a novel framework based on the Solow–Swan model for analysis of multiple economic growth paths. By applying Lyapunov stability, we treat per capita income as a one-dimensional attractor. Using the clustering method, we exclude the influence of transitional economies and uncover three robust growth convergence paths. Our findings unify insights from club and conditional convergence theories. This approach provides a logically consistent perspective on persistent income disparities and offers insights for addressing middle-income and poverty traps.