In Vitro Culture Strategies for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Vanilla planifolia Andrews: A Comprehensive Review

Vanilla planifolia is an endangered orchid of significant commercial relevance, primarily valued for the natural vanillin derived from its cured fruits. However, its global production faces critical threats due to its limited genetic variability and high susceptibility to phytopathogens, particularly vanilla wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae. This review synthesizes the recent advances in plant biotechnology, evaluating the efficacy of in vitro culture systems, plant growth regulators, and the implementation of semi-automated temporary immersion systems, as compared to traditional semisolid methods. Emphasis is placed on the pivotal role of physical factors, such as LED lighting, and the symbiotic associations with orchid mycorrhizal fungi to enhance plant growth and vigor. By synthesizing advanced in vitro regeneration protocols, this study establishes a strategic guide for the mass production of high-quality disease-free plantlets. Finally, the impact of these biotechnological tools on ex situ conservation at institutions such as the Clavijero Botanical Garden is discussed, aiming to support the sustainability of the vanilla industry and preserve Mexico’s biological heritage.