China’s Grand Strategy: The Belt and Road Initiative and Military Modernization in Egypt and Pakistan

This paper analyzes China’s evolving grand strategy by focusing on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and military diplomacy in the Global South. Unlike Washington’s containment approach involving security alliances, Beijing seeks to construct parallel economic and security orders in key regions, including the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia. Cooperation with Egypt and Pakistan exemplifies this strategy. By integrating BRI infrastructure projects with arms exports, defense cooperation, and joint exercises, China deepens bilateral ties while fostering an alternative security architecture that challenges US dominance and advances a multipolar order.