Prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia and osteosarcopenia in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA 2020. Observational studies published between 2020 and 2024 that included postmenopausal women and used validated diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia (EWGSOP1/2, AWGS, FNIH, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry–based, or clinical-functional definitions) were eligible. MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, and Ovid MEDLINE were searched for articles in English or Spanish. Two reviewers independently screened records, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality with the 11-item Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality checklist. Random-effects models were used to pool prevalence and odds ratios (OR). Heterogeneity was described with I², and publication bias was explored with funnel plots and Egger and Begg tests.