From Tradition to Innovation: The Evolution and Future Prospects of Phosphorus Removal Technologies in Wastewater Treatment

Phosphorus removal from wastewater is a critical environmental issue due to its role in eutrophication and negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems. This paper systematically reviews the evolution and prospects of phosphorus removal technologies, from traditional methods to innovative advancements. Traditional methods such as chemical precipitation and biological treatment have demonstrated high removal efficiencies but suffer from issues related to sludge generation, high operational costs, and secondary pollution risks. Innovative technologies, including the use of modified biochar, electro-flocculation, and micro electrolysis, have shown significant improvements in efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The paper also examines emerging composite processes that integrate multiple methods to maximize phosphorus removal while minimizing drawbacks. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of phosphorus resource recovery and circular economy approaches, alongside the potential for intelligent and automated wastewater management systems. This review further examines international phosphorus discharge standards to identify global regulatory trends, thus providing practical guidance and strategic insights for policymakers and practitioners implementing future-oriented phosphorus removal solutions.